Everyday Acts of Resistance: Mexican, Undocumented Immigrant Children and Adolescents Navigating Oppression with Mentor Support
Throughout the U.S. educational pipeline, immigrant students who are undocumented (i.e., immigrants who do not have citizenship, permanent-resident status, refugee status, or any of the temporary statuses provided by the U.S. government for long-term residence and work; Yoshikawa et al., 2016) are subject to institutional and interpersonal oppression (e.g., prohibited from speaking Spanish, treated as scapegoats, experience verbal abuse; Ayón & Philbin, 2017). These forms of interpersonal and systemic oppression limit the developmental opportunities for undocumented immigrant children and adolescents. Despite these adversities, immigrant students who are undocumented engage in everyday forms of resistance, which include covert actions that undermine power and enables them to persist in the educational system. Mentors and other adults may help undocumented students navigate the educational system and resist oppression. For example, prior research shows that mentors and other adults are integral in the college application process of undocumented students (Gonzalez, 2012; Gámez et al., 2017). We examined two research questions:
- What are the critical junctures in education in which Mexican, immigrant students who are undocumented experience oppression?
- How do natural mentors and other adults support Mexican, undocumented immigrant students to overcome and resist oppression in their education?
How We Conducted Our Study
One-on-one Interviews were conducted in 2014-2015 with 17 Mexican immigrants who had undocumented or DACA status, in which they provided retrospective accounts about their education in the U.S. Participants (age range 18 to 27 years, mean = 22.06) were recruited from two community-based organizations in Chicago; they were between 1- and 10-years-old when they arrived in the U.S. from Mexico. Participants were asked to recount significant events that took place in their education, particularly related to their immigration status and educational milestones, from arrival to the U.S. to the present moment, and to reflect on adults who supported them during these significant events. In reflecting upon adults, participants were asked to identify natural mentors:
Think about any of these adults who are not your parents or somebody who raised you, nor a boyfriend or a girlfriend. Are (were) any of these adults someone who you can count on to be there for you, who believed in you and cared about you deeply, inspired you to do your best, and really influenced the things you do and the choices you make?
If participants answered “yes,” then they were asked about the ways these adults were supportive in their education, particularly around the events that took place in their education and how they benefited from their guidance and support.
Key Findings
Participants reported multiple critical junctures in their education in which they experienced oppression:
- Developmental milestones and school events: experiences that mark a developmental or significant stage in school in which the participants’ undocumented status threatened the milestone (e.g., field trips in middle school, internships or scholarship opportunities, the transition to high school, obtaining a driver’s license).
- College application process: the ineligibility for federal financial aid or in some cases not being able to enroll in college at all.
- Unforeseen life events: life events that compounded their undocumented status, disrupted their education (e.g., house fire or flood, changing residences multiple times during academic year, FBI raid)
- Incidents of direct/indirect racial discrimination: experiences of discrimination, due to their race/ethnicity or immigration status, that took place as early as elementary school and continued throughout their education when determining which high school to attend, during the college application process, and in their interactions with professors, classmates or financial aid advisors.
Every participant reported at least one natural mentor, such as teachers, athletic coaches, religious figures, bosses, family members, and school counselors, and the number of mentors ranged between one and five. Besides mentors, some participants reported other adults who helped them to resist oppression in their education, and as such, we report those examples.
Mentors and other adults helped participants to resist oppression in their education by providing:
- Emotional support: mentors provided empathy, genuine concern, and/or encouragement.
- Instrumental support: tangible or practical aid (e.g., helping with college applications, paperwork, assignments; giving rides to interviews; or tutoring in English).
- Role modeling: Looking up to and being inspired by important adults and mentors who overcame challenges in their own lives.
- Advocacy: requesting resources or utilizing their power (e.g., an elementary teacher advocated for a participant to be switched to a gifted classroom to promote her academic development).
- Social Capital: connecting participants to resources, information and opportunities (e.g., a professor forwarded a student’s resume to a colleague that resulted in the student being offered a summer research position).
- Financial support: monetary support (e.g., paying for college tuition, college application fees, extracurricular activities).
Conclusions and Implications
This study is a important step in understanding the oppression experienced by Mexican students who are undocumented during critical junctures throughout their education and the ways in which they resist this oppression with the support from mentors and other adults. Adults in school- and community-based settings can be trained on the needs of undocumented children and adolescents, the policies that limit their developmental opportunities, how to support and advocate for them, and the resources that are available to them as they consider, access, and navigate education.
The full citation is provided below, and the research article is available [here]
Sánchez, B., Garcia-Murillo, Y., Monjaras-Gaytan, L. Y., Thursby, K., Ulerio, G., de los Reyes, W., Salusky, I., & Rivera, C. (2022). Everyday acts of resistance: Mexican, undocumented immigrant youth navigating oppression in education with mentor support. Journal of Research on Adolescents, 32(2), p. 398-416. doi: 10.1111/jora.12755.
References
- Ayon, C., & Philbin, S. P. (2017). “Tu no eres de aquı”: Latino children’s experiences of institutional and interpersonal discrimination and microaggressions. Social Work Research, 41(1), 1930. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/svw028
- Gámez, R., Lopez, W., & Overton, B. (2017). Mentors, resiliency, and ganas: Factors influencing the success of DACAmented, undocumented, and immigrant students in higher education. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 16(2), 144–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/1538192717697755
- Gonzales, R. G. (2012). In spite of the odds: Undocumented immigrant youth, school networks, and college success. In C. G. Coll & A. K. Marks (Eds.), The immigrant paradox in children and adolescents: Is becoming American a developmental risk? (p. 253–274). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13094-011
- Yoshikawa, H., Suarez-Orozco, C., & Gonzales, R. G. (2016). Unauthorized status and youth development in the United States: Consensus statement of the society for research on adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence,27(1), 4–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12272
Authors:
Yesenia Garcia-Murillo, PhD candidate, DePaul University
Bernadette Sánchez, Professor, University of Illinois at Chicago
Lidia Y. Monjaras-Gaytan, PhD candidate, DePaul University
Grevelin Ulerio, PhD student, DePaul University